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This Concept Map has information related to: Biology--Cell Signalling and Homeostasis, Control of Blood Glucose Levels ???? Hypoglycaemia, Phosphorylation, Signal Transduction Concept *Binding of signal molecule to receptor protein--> initiates transduction process. Transduction converts cell signal on cellular surface into specific cellular response. *Signal transduction pathways involve phosphorylation cascades--> series of protein kinases successively adding phosphate grps to nxt one in line, activating them., Hypoglycaemia ???? Stimulates secretion of glucagon by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans. Glucagon stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose and amino acids to glucose.--> incr. availiability of glucose for cellular respiration., Cell Signalling Stages Ligand-Receptor Interactions, Signal Amplification Concept Receptor first activates stage 1 protein/activates G-protein which in turn activates stage 2 protein. Stage 1 protein activates large no of stage 2 proteins, each of them activates a larger no of stage 3 proteins.... --> the stimulation of a cascade of protein kinases to amplify the signal causes a strong response inside the cell to a weak signal outside., Hyperglycaemia ???? Stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells of islets of Langerhans. Insulin facilitates transport of glucose into cells by increasing no of glucose carriers at cell membrane.--> incr. glucose uptake by cells, Cell Signalling Stages Signal Amplification, Control of Blood Glucose Levels ???? Hyperglycaemia, Homeostasis Concept *mechanisms by which the internal environment of an organism is kept constant *gives the organism a deg of independence from the external environment, Ligand-Receptor Interactions Concept Signal molecule acts as a ligand,binding with specific receptor proteins on the cell membrane.--> induces change in shape of receptor protein, producing a cellular response.